Study on risk stratification of combined exposure to environmental heavymetals and the association with renal health in adolescents
环境重金属联合暴露风险分层以及青少年肾脏健康的关联研究
Authors: Zhang Ling, Weng Yujie, Wang Zhi, Yuan Min
Source: Journal of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities
DOI: 10.3969/i.issn.1001-5817.2025.01.021
Abstract
Objective: To explore the association between combined exposure groups of multiple heavy metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury) and renal parameters in adolescents.
Methods: Data for this study were derived from the 2009—2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort, encompassing 2709 adolescents aged 12~19 years. Using the k-medoids clustering algorithm from unsupervised machine learning, samples were categorized into different exposure risk groups based on urine concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury, as well as blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury. Multiple linear regression models were employed to analyze the associations between exposures in different risk groups and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum uricacid (SUA), urineal bumin
(UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) after controlling for demographic variables and other key covariates.
Results: Three primary metal exposure groups in blood and urine were identified, and significant associations were found between combined metal exposure groups and some renal parameters. For metals in blood, Group 1 had the lowest levels of cadmium, mercury, and lead; Group 2 had the highest mercury concentrations, followed by lead, with the lowest cadmium concentrations; and in Group 3, lead and cadmium concentrations were higher than mercury, with mercury at the lowest level. In Group 2, the SUA was significantly higher than that in Group 1, with an effect size of 0.163 (95%CI :0.066~0.261, P = 0.001). Combined exposure groups for urine metals also showed significant differences. Groups 1 and 3 had relatively balanced distributions of the four urine metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead), but the overall levels in Group 3 were higher than in Group 1. In Group2, there were significant differences in metal concentration distribution, with concentrations of arsenic, cadmium,and mercury increasing sequentially, while lead content was significantly lower than the other two metals.The eGFR of the urine metal Group 2 was significantly lower than that of Group 1, with an effect size of -12.893 (95%CI :-18.905~ -6.880, P < 0.001); however,theeGFRofGroup3 was significantly higher than that of Group 1, with an effect size of 7.195(95% CI :2.274~12.117, P =0.004). Additionally, SBP in Group 3 was significantly lower than in Group 1, with an effect size of -1.411(95% CI :-2.807~ -0.014, P =0.048).
Conclusion: There are significant associations between combined metal exposure groups in blood and urine and some renal parameters. Populations with high-level combined metal exposure groups have relatively lower eGFR and higher SUA values.
Key words: adolescents: combined exposure to heavy metal; k medoids clustering; risk stratification; renal parameters
摘要
目的:探讨青少年人群中多种重金属(砷、铅、镉、汞)联合暴露组及其与肾脏参数之间的关联。
方法:本研究数据来自美国国家健康和营养调查(NHANES)2009—2014的调查队列,涵盖2709名12~19岁青少年。通过无监督机器学习中的k-medoids聚类算法,根据尿液砷、铅、镉、汞和血液铅、镉、汞的浓度,将样本分为不同的暴露风险组。在控制人口学变量及其他关键协变量后,采用多重线性回归模型分析不同风险组的暴露与肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血清尿酸(SUA)、尿白蛋白(UA)、血尿素氮(BUN)及收缩压(SBP)之间的关联。
结果:识别了血液和尿液中3种主要金属暴露组,发现金属联合暴露组与部分肾脏参数存在显著的关联性。对于血液中的金属,第一组人群的镉、汞和铅水平最低;第二组中汞浓度最高,其次是铅,而镉浓度最低;在第三组中,铅和镉的浓度高于汞,汞浓度处于最低水平。在第二组中,人群的血清尿酸 (SUA) 显著高于第一组,效应值为0.163 (95%CI: 0.066~0.261, P=0.001)。尿液金属的联合暴露组同样表现出显著差异。第一和第三组中4种尿液金属(砷、镉、汞、铅)分布相对均衡,但第三组的整体水平高于第一组。第二组中的金属浓度分布差异显著,砷、镉、汞的浓度依次递增,而铅的含量显著低于其他两种。根据尿液金属第二组人群的eGFR显著低于第一组,效应值为-12.893 (95%CI: -18.905~-6.880, P<0.001);而第三组人群的eGFR显著高于第一组,效应值为7.195 (95%CI: 2.274~12.117,P=0.004)。此外,第三组人群的收缩压显著低于第一组,效应值为-1.411 (95%CI:-2.807~-0.014, P=0.048)。
结论:血液和尿液中金属联合暴露组与部分肾脏参数之间有显著的关联性。高水平金属联合暴露组的人群有相对较低的eGFR和较高的血清尿酸值。
关键词:青少年; 重金属联合暴露; k-medoids聚类; 风险分层; 肾脏参数
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